Diabetes Mellitus: A Critical Review of Pathophysiology, Classification, Diagnosis, and Management

Abstract

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a multifactorial metabolic disease characterized by high blood glucose levels also known as hyperglycemia causes by defects in insulin production and action or sometimes both. It causes long term damage, dysfunctions and multiple microvascular and macrovascular complications that includes nerves, heart, kidney, eyes and blood vessels due to impaired glucose regulation and absorption. Currently, diabetes mellitus considers one of the fastest growing global health burdens due to highest number of cases of morbidity. It’s classified into type 1 (autoimmune destruction), type 2 (insulin resistance), Gestational (pregnancy diabetes) and some other types due to destruction of pancreatic beta cells. The effective management requires focus on combination of dietary modification, exercises, glycemic control, medications and supplementations all of which influenced by lifestyle factor, genetic and environmental habits. It demands for efforts of prevention, treatment and public health policy.